Cost Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cost Scenario - Essay Example A feasibility study has to be conducted so that the management can take a decision as to accept or reject an order. Consultants Judy Capko and Rebecca Anwar suggested in an article for American Medical News. It will provide the objective information to evaluate existing services and strengths. An understanding of the competition and marketplace indicators that affect the business is possible. This is the best way to grasp the impact of future decisions which can be considered. The feasibility study will help to accurately anticipate what will and will not work in varied situations. The company will be able to determine what resources are essential to complete varied There are different alternatives which a company can choose from in order to solve its problem of whether or not to accept an order for a product which requires displacing another product from production. One alternative choice would be to hire someone who could take care of all the issues the company has. The company can hire someone who will discern whether the company will accept an order for a product which requires displacing another product from production. Another alternative action is to form a team that will find simple but efficient ways that can help in solving the company's problem. The team will develop an analysis that will choose between the ordered product and the products that might be displaced. The third alternative action for the company is to lessen its product offerings to give way to the new order. By lessening the product offering of the company, it will have lesser financial problems and lesser concerns but it can give the company lesser clients (Dallas Busi ness Journal, June 23, 2000). Risk analysis Quantitative risk analysis is a very useful instrument for considering risk, but it can only conduct risks that have been identified. There is always some confusion between the notion of identification and assessment. In many cases, managers and decision makers 3 presume that if quantitative risk analysis has been carried out then most possible risks have been addressed. They thus avoid engaging in a critical evaluation of the procedure. A good example of the lack of alertness of human factors within the risk assessment procedure caught up an organization that dealt with nuclear processing and subsequent storage of nuclear waste. The project concerned the design and development of an appropriate repository for the waste, which had a potential for high risk to society over a substantial timescale. Within the initial phase of the project development at the design and conceptual phase, quantitative risk analysis focused on the failure rate of technological issues. No provision was made for conducting risk assessment on the project team or any other people involved in the process, except in terms of technology. The risk for hiring someone to solve the problem is too much use of time. One person will have difficulty in providing solutions to a uni que problem. The risk for forming a team will be the differing views of each member of the team that might lead to inconsistent analysis of the problem.

The Color Purple. Applying Adult Learning Theory Through Character Assignment

The Color Purple. Applying Adult Learning Theory Through Character Analysis - Assignment Example Description of the character’s learning The film identifies its narrator, Celie, as an uneducated woman who is oppressed by her stepfather who rapes her, makes her pregnant and then steals her children. She writes letters to communicate to God but she maintains a passive role in her life as she submits to abuses under her stepfather and later from her husband. Her learning develops from a naà ¯ve uneducated woman to an informed woman who knows of herself worth and can take a stand to defend her position and ideas. She initially assumed little control over her life and environment and a quiet and invisible position for survival, as is evident in her passive position towards her abusive stepfather and her husband. Celie’s learns through her interaction with Shug Avery, a music icon who is beautiful and have potentials to achieve her objectives. Avery stimulates Celie’s development and allows Celie to unwind her history to gain sexual, spiritual and voice empowerment. Avery also succeeds in exposing Celie to ne w perspectives from which Celie can develop new insights about live. An example of such exposure is in religion in which Avery exposes Celie to a new form of God who is not traditional and one who treats people as equals regardless of their gender. Avery also helps Celie to discover Nettie’s previous letters. The letters informs her of her history and empowers her to comprehend her thoughts and emotions towards independence and she is able to protest against her husband’s oppressive acts. Celie also learns, through her interaction with Avery, of self-actualization potential and succeeds in developing a sewing enterprise from an assumed position of a part time activity for women who only perform domestic roles, to a profitable and established business that also gains her financial independence from her husband (Walker). The scope of Celie’s learning identifies the role of a moderator as Celie adopts an active learning approach in the process. In her interaction w ith Avery, Avery does not instruct Celie on what to do, neither does she tell her how to conduct herself, but the two women undergo the learning process together. Avery, for example, prod Celie’s past that allows Celie to develop spiritual and sexual aspects. Avery’s narrations also empower Celie and with the help of Avery, Celie discovers Nettie’s letters that lead Celie to new knowledge about her past and her children. Interaction with Avery also empowers Celie to self-actualization and the change in perspectives and capacity occurs through Celie’s active interaction with Avery’s world and her experience to transform her life and perception on life (Walker). Factors that caused the character to learn The film identifies interaction between Celie and Avery as the immediate reason for Celie’s learning. Factors into the learning can however be explored through Mezirow’s transformational learning theory and through Knowles’ theor etical based assumptions on adult learning. Knowles’ assumptions explain motivational factors as a cause of Celie’s learning. Knowles explains that learning is continuous and can occur at any age, aspect that allows Celie to learn at an elderly stage. Her ability to direct herself in learning, subject to Knowles self-concept assumption, is one of the factors that empowered Celie to learn from her interaction w

Subsurface Layer Characterisation Research

Subsurface Layer Characterisation Research SUBSURFACE LAYER CHARACTERISATION FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES USING VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING IN BANANA ISLAND, LAGOS, NIGERIA OLADUNJOYE, H.T., 2OLALEYE, A.O. ABSTRACT Seven (7) vertical electrical sounding stations along two traverses were used to study the depth to competent formation for foundation of engineering structures in Banana Island of Lagos. The study is meant to unravel the presence of problem soils that can be inimical to structures.   The sounding data used in this study was acquired using Schlumberger Electrode Configuration. The VES data were interpreted into a model curve using forward modelling software called Winglink. The interpretation parameters (layer resistivities and thicknesses) for each VES point were grouped into three geo-electric sections to represent the 2-D models of the subsurface layers in the study area. The final interpretation results (resistivities and depths) modelled as geoelectrical sections and pseudosections were compared within the surveyed area and correlated with the borehole log-derived depths to determine a probable depth for foundations of high rise building. The study concluded that the geophysical investigation is of great significance in partial curve matching interpretation technique gives the most consistently low percentage deviation error margins amongst the three VES preliminary interpretation techniques. There is consistent increase in depth prediction error, with depth, in all the interpretation techniques. INTRODUCTION Geophysical resistivity techniques are based on the response of the earth to the flow of electrical current. In all methods, an electrical current is passed through the ground and the resulting potential electrodes allow us to record the resultant potential difference between the current electrode is measured. The apparent resistivity is then a function of the measured impedance (ratio of potential to current) and the geometry of the electrode array. Depending upon the survey geometry, the apparent resistivity data are plotted as 1-D soundings, 1-D profiles, or in 2- D cross-sections in order to look for anomalous regions. In the shallow subsurface, the presence of water controls much of the conductivity variation. Measurement of resistivity (inverse of conductivity) is, in general, a measure of water saturation and connectivity of pore space. This is because water has a low resistivity and electric current will follow the path of least resistance. Increasing saturation, increasing salinity of the underground water, increasing porosity of rock (water-filled voids) and increasing number of fractures (water-filled) all tend to decrease measured resistivity. Resistivity measurements are associated with varying depths depending on the separation of the current and potential electrodes in the survey, and can be interpreted in terms of a lithologic and/or geohydrologic model of the subsurface. The choice for Direct Current (DC) resistivity survey in this project is as a result of its ability to provide a quick synoptic picture of lithological and groundwater characteristics in terms of its apparent resistivity contrast. In this work the electrical resistivity character collected were model with Winresist and Winglink inversion software. The layers parameters (resistivities and thicknesses) obtained from data processing were then inverted with Winglink to provide two-dimensional images of the subsurface apparent resistivity variation (Pseudosection). However, knowledge on the geology of the area from acquired borehole log has played a vital role in determining the best fit model. MATERIALS AND METHOD OF STUDY The vertical electrical resistivity is used to determine the subsurface resistivity distribution and depth of the sub-surface layers with the aid of electrical resistivity meter. In this study, Schlumberger array of electrical resistivity method was adopted because of the low cost of the field operation, reduced logistics man power and also faster. A total of Six (6) vertical electrical sounding (VES) were measured within the area. The resistivity measurement is taken by introducing small portion of electricity through two current electrodes (A and B) and measuring the resultant voltage drop between a pair of potential electrodes (M and N). A simple calculated value of apparent resistivity is the parameter bearing the information for the characteristics of the subsoil (Tonkov, 2008). From the foundation of electrical resistivity theory is the ohms law (Grant and West, 1965; Dobrin and Sarvit, 1988):            Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) Where Ï  is the resistivity, R is the resistance, L is the length of the conducting cylinder and A is the cross sectional area. For the solid earth, whose material is predominantly made up of silicates and basically non conductors, the presence of water in the pore space of the soil and in the rocks fractures enhances the conductivity of the earth when an electrical current I is passed through it, thus making the rocks a semi conductor.   Since the earth is not like a straight wire and it is not an anisotropic, then Equation 1 can be customized as:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) Where change in voltage and r is is the radius of current electrodes hemisphere. Since the earth is not homogeneous, Equation 2 is used to define an apparent resistivity which is computed as the product of the geometric factor and the resistance recorded in the electrical resistivity meter and resistivity the earth would have if it were homogeneous (Grant and West, 1965;):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3) Where, 2Ï€r is then define as the geometric factor (G) fixed for a given electrode configuration and is dependent on the electrode arrangement. The Schlumberger electrode configuration was used for this study. The geometric factor is thus given as:   Ã‚  Ã‚   (4) Where AB is the distance between two current electrodes, MN is the distance between two potential electrodes. LOCATION AND GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA The study area is located in the south-eastern part of Lagos State between Latitudes 6 ° 25 to 6 ° 28 North of the Equator and Longitudes 3 ° 24 to 3 ° 30 East of the Greenwich Meridian (Fig.1.1). The study area Lekki and its environ issituated within the western Nigeria coastal creeks and lagoon developed by barrier beaches associated with sand deposition (Pugh, 1954). It forms part of the Lagos lagoon system known as the largest of the four lagoon system in the gulf of guinea coast (Adepelumi and Olorunfemi, 2000). Banana Island is an artificial island in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located in the Lagos Lagoon and attached to the North-Eastern Ikoyi Island by a dedicated road strip which is linked to the existing road network. The banana-shaped Island is approximately 1,630,000 square metres in size (less than a square mile) and is divided into 536 plots (of between 1000 and 4000 square metres in size) mainly arranged along cul-de-sacs, so designed to enhance the historically residential nature of Ikoyi. Banana Island is an artificial island reclaimed from portions of the Lagos Lagoon, topographic elevation obtained at the site averaged 4 metres above mean sea level. The study area is located within the coastal region of Nigeria with a climate of long wet season (April to October) and short dry season (November to March). Average annual precipitation is above 2000mm and serves as a source of groundwater recharge. The area is susceptible to flooding after heavy rainfall during the wet season. Nigeria lies in an extensive Pan-African mobile belt which separates the West African and Congo Cratons. The belt is interpreted to have evolved from the continental collision between the West African craton and the Pan-African belt (Black et al., 1979; Caby et al., 1981). Geochronologically, the Precambrian rocks of Nigeria can be grouped into four major classes (Liberian Orogeny 2800  ± 200 Ma, Eburnean Orogeny 2000  ± 200 Ma, Kibaran Orogeny 1100  ± 200 Ma and The Pan-African Orogeny 600  ± 150 Ma). These classes correspond with the four orogenic events that have punctuated the Precambrian history of Africa (Odeyemi, 1979). Figure 2.1: Regional Geological Map of Nigeria (Modified after Ajibade et al., 1988) Coastal Nigeria comprises two sedimentary basins: The Benin-Dahomey basin and the Niger Delta basin separated by the Okitipupa ridge. The rocks of the Benin basin are mainly sands and shales with some limestone which thicken towards the west and the coast as well as down dips to the coast. Recent sediments are underlain by the Coastal Plains Sands which is then underlain by a thick clay layer the Ilaro Formation and other older Formations (Jones and Hockey, 1964). The Coastal Plains Sands aquifer is a multi-aquifer system consisting of three aquifer horizons separated by silty or clayey layers (Longe et al., 1987). It is the main aquifer in Lagos Metropolis that is exploited through boreholes for domestic and industrial water supply. The sedimentary rocks of Lagos State are composed of five (5) sedimentary formations (Jones and Hockey, 1964) viz: Abeokuta Formation, Ewekoro Formation, Ilaro Formation, the Coastal Plains Sands and the alluvial deposits. The coastal plains sand also known as the Benin Formation stretches across the Dahomey basin into the Niger Delta Basin. The geological formations of the study area composed of sediments laid down under fluviate, lascustrine and marine environments. These sediments grade into one another and vary widely in lateral extent and thickness (Adepelumi and Olorunfemi 2000). Longe et al., (1987) classified the aquifer into three types. Quantitative interpretation of the curves involved partial curve matching using two-layer Schlumberger master curves and the auxiliary K, Q, A and H curves. Output from the quantitative interpretation was modelled using computer iteration. The Resist Version 1.0 interpretation software was used for iteration and presentation of the curves (see Figures 3a f). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The apparent resistivities from the field plotted on a log-log graph survey against the corresponding half Schlumberger electrode spacing was interpreted using the computer iteration technique. The initial model was deriving by winresist software by entering layer parameters from partial curve process as the starting parameters. The resulting models were then iterated till the best fit curve as attained. In all, there was a large value for root mean square (r.m.s) error resulting mostly from the scattered point data observed where half Schlumberger electrode spacing is greater than 32m. In order to view the resistivity distribution of the whole surveyed area, the result of the soundings data linearly and vertically interpolated into two dimensional pseudosections. The borehole records from the geo-technical investigation were used as a control in interpreting the VES data acquired in this study. Interpretation of the geo-electric curves was essentially based on the fact that resistive materials constitutes zones of interest for engineering construction, considering that clay and organic materials are conductive and typified by low resistivity values(reference). The outputs from the manual interpretation were modelled using computer iterations. Resist Version 1.0 software was utilized for the iterations. The curve types obtained are 3 layer H (VES 1), 4 layer QH (VES 2, VES 3 and VES 6) and 5 layer QHK (VES 4 and VES 5), as shown in Figures 3a f. VES 1 and VES 6 with RMS-error (Root Mean Square) of 11.7 and 10.4 respectively present better quality data than VES 2 to VES 5 with RMS-error ranging from 12.7 to 20.8, thus the interpretation of the geo-electric curves at VES 1 and VES 6, present more reliable results. From the iteration of VES 1, depth to competent bedrock (sand) is 39.6 metres, while depth to competent (sand) layer at VES 6 is 39.8 metres, this is signified by the rising segment of the curve at both VES stations, typified by a relatively resistive material (5 105 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦-m). CONCLUSION This paper describes the possibility of locating a competent formation for high rise building in area around Banana Island Ikoyi using Schlumberger array. The results of the interpretation of field survey reveal only the presence such formation in depth close to 10m. At this depth saturated sandy clay can be obtain virtually for all the VES stations. This saturated sandy clay formation provides good foundation support for any high rise due to the fact that the liquefaction potential is very low compare to all other formation inferred from geologic section. REFERENCE Alile, M.O., S.I. Jegede and O.M. Ehigiator, 2008. Underground water exploration using electrical resistivity method in Edo State, Nigeria. Asian J. Earth Sci., 1: 38-42. Anderson, N. L. Selection of Appropriate Geophysical Techniques: A Generalized Protocol Based on Engineering Objectives and Site Characteristics. Proc., 2006 Highway Geophysics- NDE Conference, 2006, pp. 29-47. Available at http://2006geophysics.mst.edu/. Anderson, N. L., A. M. Ismail, and T. Thitimakorn. Ground-Penetrating Radar: A Tool for Monitoring Bridge Scour. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, Vol. 13, 2007, pp. 1-10. Dobrin, M.B. and C.H. Savit, 1988. Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting. 4th Edn., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. Dogara, M.D., B.M. Dewu and C.O. Ajayi, 1998. Groundwater potential of Romi, Kaduna. Nig. J. Physics., 10: 85-90. Grant, F.S. and G.F., West, 1965. Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Nwankwo L.I., P.I. Olasehinde and E.B. Babatunde, 2004. The use of electrical resistivity pseudo-section in elucidating the geology of an east-west profile in the basement complex terrain of Ilorin, West-Central Nigeria. Nig. J. Pure Applied Sci., 19: 1672-1682. Olasehinde, P.I., 1999. An integrated geological and geophysical exploration for groundwater in the basement complex of west central Nigeria. Water Resourses, 10: 46-49. Olasehinde, P.I., A.E. Annor and P.C. Pal, 1986. A geological evaluation of a prospective site for a weir on river Oyun, Ilorin, Nigeria. 7. Angew Geowiss, 8: 83-90. Olorunfemi, M.O and S.A. Fasoyi, 1993. Aquifer types and the geoelectric/hydrogeologic characteristics of part of the central basement terrain of Nigeria (Niger State). J. Afr. Earths Sci., 16: 309-317. Plummer, C.C., D. McGeory and D.H. Carlson, 1999. Physical Geology. 8th Edn., McGraw Hill Co. Inc., New York, pp: 48-56. Rabiu, A.B, I. A. Adimula, K. Yumoto, J. O. Adeniyi and G. Maeda, 2009. Preliminary results from the magnetic field measurements using MAGDAS at Ilorin, Nigeria. Earth Moon Planets, 104: 173-179. Rahaman, M.A., 1973. Review of the Basement Geology of South Western Nigeria. In: Geology of Nigeria, Kobe, C.A. (Ed.). 2 Edn., Rockview Publishers, Jos, Nigeria. Singh, K.K.K., A.K.S. Singh, K.B. Singh and A. Sinha, 2006. 2D resistivity imaging survey for siting water-supply tube wells in metamorphic terrains: A case study of CMRI campus, Dhanbad, India. The Leading Edge, 25: 1458-1460

Essay --

The cations (Na+, K+ and Mg++) were estimated in the gut contents, fresh tissue of midgut epithelia and heamolymph of uninfected and Bacillus inoculated silkworm. The sodium level was declined from gut contents to heamolymph. The level of sodium content further showed a gradual decrease from the midgut tissue to the heamolymph in the infected silkworm as compared to the uninfected silkworm. The potassium content initially decreased from the gut contents to the midgut tissues in both the uninfected and infected silkworm (Table-1, Fig. 2). Later on, a slow gradient in the potassium content was observed from the midgut tissue towards the heamolymph in the infected larvae. But incase of the uninfected larvae the potassium content gradually declined from the midgut tissue to the heamolymph. In the present study the levels in sodium content was high and potassium concentration was low in tissue than reported earlier. The adult larvae of silkworm, showed a steep gradient for magnesium betwe en lumen and heamolymph, with higher concentration in the heamolymph (Table-1, Fig. 3). Table - 1. Ionic concentration in lumen content, fresh tissue and heamolymph of silkworm Bombyx mori V instar (meq/L). The ionic concentrations were changed in the Bacillus infected larvae. Flacherie resulted in the non-significant decrease of intracellular sodium in midgut cells. Potassium being the major cation in the silkworm diet showed a significant decrease in midgut cells in diseased larvae (p ...f silkworm Bombyx mori Electron micrographs illustrate the midgut of silkworm B. mori. The globlet cell (Plate - 1) wherein the multiplication of pathogen occurs and these cells are slightly elongated with a centrally located cavity. Their ill defined microvillae project into this cavity and these cells are placed in between columnar cells. Dominant cell in midgut epithelium is the columnar cell. The apical surface of the columnar cell is thrown into numerous folds and often appears as finger like projections (microvillae). A cross section of the microvillae, are presented (Plate - 2). The microvillae are located with mitochondria (Plate - 3), vacuoles at the base of microvillae are prominent. Excess of plasma membrane folds at the tip of the microvillae were observed in all the sections scanned. The midgut epithelium is richly supplied with trachea (Plate - 4).

Blue Collar and College

Is College Worth It? Is college the only way to success? If the answer is yes, so why Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are college dropouts and millions of graduated students with degrees from four-year higher education institutions cannot find jobs. Today, a college education does not guarantee you anything. It is not an automatic ticket to get a good job as people believe. These issues are viewed more sharpen via two writers’ point of views Mike Rose and Caroline Bird.Based on their essays, Rose with â€Å"Blue-Collar Brilliance† and Bird with â€Å"College is a Waste of Time and Money†, both suggest college is not the only way to succeed and that society mistakenly overvalues a college education. It is time to rethink the idea about college. By showing that knowledge can be acquired outside the classroom, Rose repudiates that people who spend more time in school, are not more brilliant than those who do not. He says, â€Å"Though work-related actions become routine with experience, they were learned at some point through observation, trial and error. Even if people are not college educated, they can deal with various problems that they face in the work by using their experiences that colleges do not teach them. Rose’s mother, Rosie was a waitress; the restaurant became the place where she studied human behavior, puzzling over the problems. Rose’s uncle, Joe Meraglio, worked in a factory; he observed the factory was like schooling, a place where he was constantly learning. Life experience can teach a person a tremendous amount.True, it would be in a different manner than a formal education would, yet still a very lofty education can be learned through hands-on actives, outside a classroom setting. Everyone is smart on their own level. However, Rose stresses the point that their â€Å"brilliance† is not recognized or, if it is, it is looked down upon by people who are more â€Å"educated. † In the same way with Rose, Bird argues that college is a waste of time because the majority of college graduates do not end up working in the same field as the major they studied.Students waste thousands of dollars for a college education, just to end up with their degree in their hand and with no job relating to it. Instead they have to take classes that have close to nothing to do with their major but are only taking these classes in order to fulfill a general educational requirement. They cannot transform learning experiences to jobs. Bird says, â€Å"Teachers, engineers and others I talked to said they find that on the job they rarely use what they learned in school. † She presents this statement with the evidence of Charles Lawrence, a communications major in college and now the producer of â€Å"Kennedy & Co. † the Chicago morning television show, says, â€Å"You have to learn all that stuff and you will never use it again. I learned my job doing it. † Birds also shows a society's a ssumption that everyone is a fit for college, not knowing that it only comes naturally to a few. Another Rose and Bird’s perspective is that money can be acquired without a college education. Rose shows how Rosie and Joe make money with blue collar jobs. Rosie with excellent management ability on performance helped her earn a lot of tips and good salary.Joe took the advantage on learning about budget and management, he became a supervisor. Those people definitively have a good income. Rosie and Joe are representative people without higher education, but they still get accomplishments and they can define who they are in society. Similarly, Bird states that college education will not help the students to make money in the future: â€Å"if making money is the only goal, college is the dumbest investment you can make†. Bird compares the money that would be spent on education versus money that is put in a bank for interest.Even when the graduates do succeed in having good j obs, Bird says there is no evidence that the higher income is due to their college education as college attract people who are intelligent with good family backgrounds and an enterprising temperament. Most parents are convinced that sending their children to college is a good investment; their children will earn more money. There was a student that really was into cars and was also accepted to Princeton. If he decided to go to Princeton he would pay about $34,181 a year to attend, and when he got out only make $1,000 more than a high school graduate.But if he instead took the money and invested it while working at the local car garage, by the time he was 28 he would have over $73,113. Then with that money he could open up his own business and make a lot more yearly that the average high school graduate. Although there is a huge similarity between Rose and Bird’s idea, there are some different thoughts in their essays. Rose comments that education should not only be measured b y college, but he still acknowledges the value of college. He still has higher education.He says, â€Å"I studied the humanities and later the social and psychological sciences and taught for 10 years†¦ Then I went back to graduate school to study education and cognitive psychology and eventually became a faculty member in a school education. † His points of view which are displayed in his essays are gained not only from his real life but also from his college. If he did not have higher education, he would not have had this essay â€Å"Blue–Collar Brilliance†. On the other hand, Bird devalues college by focusing on money. She convinces readers that college is an investment in order to make money.Therefore, after graduation, students cannot find job and no money; it means college is not worth. She said, â€Å"When most people talk about the value of a college education, they are not talking about great books. † She also claims that college becomes com mercialized: â€Å"They sell college like soap, promoting features they think students want: innovative features, an environment conductive to meaningful personal relationships, and a curriculum so free that it doesn’t sound like college at all. † She gives people a negative image about college.In conclusion, success is the goals which people have set just for themselves. Not to look at anyone or make determination based on social standing. Success in a general sense means happiness. As Rosie and Joe on Mike Rose’s essay and a student who worked at the local car garage on Caroline Bird’s essay, even though they are underestimated on society, they are still success on their path. This is a proven fact that college is not the only way to success. College is just an option. People can choose it or not. It's up to them to decide what they are going to do with the opportunity they are given.

Brief history of IHG: Essay

The history of intercontinental is rooted in an unlikely industry that traces back to 1777. William Bass was the visionary of a brewery company, Bass, that was based in the UK, and had acquired a number of well-known brewery companies up until the 1960s. These additions made Bass one of the largest brewers and pub owners in the UK. It was not until 1988 that Bass decided to move into the hotel industry with its purchase of Holiday Inns International. A stroke of luck and timely business interests made this acquisition more opportune than ever envisioned. The following year legislation passed the â€Å"Beer Orders,† that limits the number of pubs major brewers can own. Consequentially, Bass limits their number of Pubs and focuses on further hotel developments. The ensuing decade significantly shapes Intercontinental as it is recognized today. In 1990 Bass buys North American Holiday Inn business and launches Holiday Inn internationally. Holiday Inn Express is developed in 1991 to serve the limited service segment and Crowne Plaza was branded in 1994 to appeal to the upscale market. Bass takes another journey in the field of hospitality in 1995 with its purchase of the Harvester restaurant chain. Late in 1996, Bass again tries to reemerge in the pub industry, but was met with unwavering barriers. Franchising becomes apart of the business outline of Bass in 1997 when it decides to sell their North American mid-scale properties to private owners flying under the same Bass branded flags. 1998 brought forth the most noteworthy change in Bass’s purchase of the InterContinental hotels. This was the first addition that brought a Bass brand to an upper-scale market. In 2000 it sells Bass Brewers and changes the company’s name to 6Continents and in 2001 acquires the European Posthouse Chain. It later purchases InterContinental Hong Kong and with these acquisitions 6contienets develops a strong hold on the Asian Pacific travel market. In 2002 the company divides into two separate entities, one for hotels and the other for soft drinks. On April 15, 2003 the name of the hotel sector is officially changed to the InterContinental Hotels Group. In 2004 the addition of Hotel Indigo is made and Staybridge Suites UK launches in 2005. 2006 was another year for IHG’s Global expansion to Asia with its joint venture with All Nippon Airways, which is the largest hotel operator in Japan.

Plastic Paradise Essays - Containers, Plastics, Packaging

Plastic Paradise Essays - Containers, Plastics, Packaging Plastic Paradise Plastic is having a huge impact on our society, health, and wildlife. It has been around for numerous years, and if we do not take actions into consideration, it will be a tragic loss for us. Unless we take drastic measures to save our planet, and learn from the film "Plastic Paradise" how we can differ from this. Plastic is not uncommon. On the contrary it is normal. Tens on thousands of marine species are killed every year due to plastic waste. Most of this will begin as liter on beaches, streets, and sidewalks. One scenario is when storm water runoff and overwatering flushes them through storm drains or directly to creeks, streams, and rivers, which then lead to the ocean. In marine environments, many animals confuse plastic littering for food. Once plastic is indigested it cannot be digested or passed by an animal so it stays in the gut. This can cause food prevention, and can lead to a very slow painful death. A considerable amount of autopsy's have been performed on animals who have been deceased by plastic. An example was when a bloodless whale was found on the Normandy coast. The animals stomach contained 800 kg of plastic bags. As of a result of this plastic also puts the food chain in a crisis. One example that is effect by this is coral, which is highly beneficial to us in numero us ways. Which are an excellent calcium supplement, treating multiple sclerosis, to treat and prevent cancer, heart disease, and Zavala 2 other chronic health problems. Coral has a crucial impact on assisting doctors with the proper medical care when it relates to help prevent or treat diseases. Not only can plastic be harmful to our environment, but also to our health as well. An example is plastic having chemical migration from the packaging process into the contents. Examples of plastics contaminating food have been reported with most plastic types, including Styrene from polystyrene, plasticizers from PVC, antioxidants from polyethylene, and Acetaldehyde from PET. A few of these products are ones we use in everyday life such as water bottles, plastic bags, receipts (which contains BPA), kitchen utensils, and packaging. Majority of these products we use on a daily basis are harming us. There are several ways using less plastic will be beneficial to us. We can begin by resulting to cloth bags, recycle as much as we possibly can, and choosing products with vey minimal packaging. Lastly, the most important plastic can take up to hundreds of years to breakdown. Different kinds of plastic can degrade at different times, but the average time for a plastic bottle to completely degrade is at least 450 years. Some can even take longer which is up to 1000 years, and releases toxins into the ground. Even for the smallest bottle it seems as if it takes eternity to be biodegradable. This is also leading to clogging up our landfills, and there are even more reasons of why we should band plastic. About 1.5 million barrels of oil are used every year to make bottles, and even more oil is burned transporting them. This film is very informative on how we should take a stand against the use of plastic. We can help and save our wildlife, the environment, and our health if we reduce the use of plastic. Such as recycling, very minimal packaging, and the use of cloth bags, reusable Zavala 3 water bottles, etc. By taking these steps we can make a dramatic change to better our future. Plastic Paradise: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Dir. Angela Sun. Sunshine Films, 2013. Film.

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by different contradictions in the spheres of economical, political, and social life. The film casted in 1964 The fall of the Roman Empire depicts the reasons that caused the crash of the country and characterizes its leader. Dissolution of Rome was a result of inefficient political power and succession in the empire. It began with a wise, diplomatic emperor Marcus Aurelis who called various leaders and representatives of many nations that existed in the empire. Marcus was famous for a policy of the securing peace and prosperity among the nations. His adopted son Livius became an heir and successor. Marcus son Commodus got devastated by his fathers intention to make Livius his heir. However, Livius did not want to divide the power despite Marcus daughter efforts to convince him to claim the throne. Commodus became the Emperor after Marcus had been poisoned by conspirators. Commodus appointed Livius as a commander of all Roman armies. Commodus reigned in opposition to Marcus policy of assuring peace and freedom. That resulted to rebellion and defection within and outside the Roman borders. Commodus, declaring himself a God, killed anyone who represented a threat to him. The violence of the Emperor was one of the reasons that ruined Rome. Commodus considered his sister Lucilla being an enemy and declared, to burn her. The Emperor treated the eastern provinces and Armeniaaggressively that made him find support from Livius who was the commander of the Roman army. He demanded brutal retribution against rebellions, but Livius was against those actions as well as to kill his sister. Li vius intervened by slaying Commodus. This brave deed saved Lucilla as well as tried to stabilize the disintegrated empire. The film Henry V reflects the life of a young king of England. His first steps of running the country started with the war to France. King Henry assembled an army to invade France. The war proved Henry to be a strong king who had a moral conviction as a man. French army exceedingly outnumbered the British troops. Henry won the battle of Agincourt struggling aggressively. In preparation for the great battle of Agincourt, the king encouraged his troops with an aim to exacebrate mens spirit and give them confidence. King Henry ran the country successfully due to his administrative skills. Henrys policy, comparing to the manner of governing by the Roman Emperor, was not built on the base of violence. King Henry paid attention to the social life of the people and role of religion in Britain. The governors of the Roman Empire and England were the persons of principled moral conviction. Henry V was portrayed as a successful leader of his country. Commodus was depicted more aggressive and stronger. Both the leaders never gave up in their batttles. Their self drive, inner turmoil, and confidence led them to victory. The film portrayed the victory of Livius who killed Commodus and saved Lucilla. King Henry won the battle against France despite plural advantages of the French. The leaders had advisors and supporters during their battles. Livius got encouraged and supported by Lucilla who played a vital role. King Henry was advised and convinced by Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury that helped him to plan the war with the king of France. In addition, the church clergymen, Henrys advisors, Exeter and Westmoreland told him that they believed war was the only way to obtain his claim. Commodus and Henry used different methods to gain victory in the war. Commodus bribed senators and the army to go against the rebels, and he forced them to fight for him. King Henry commanded his captain to assemble an army that would later invade France. The governors combined the approaches of appealing violence and peaceful strategy. For instance, the Roman emperor, Marcus let his daughter get married with the King of Armenia which was a way of enhancing peace between him and Rome. Livius and Henry did not believe in war. It was the circumstances of repeated insults that triggered them enter into the war. King Charles son insulted King Henry. Later, Charles mocked at Henry. Commodus had declared to kill Lucilla, and his decision made Livius slay him. Buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

A Critique of A Good Man is Hard to Find good hard

A Critique of A Good Man is Hard to Find good hard Essay A Critiqueof A Good Man is Hard to Find She reached out and touched him on the shoulder. The Misfit sprang back as if a snake had bitten him and shot her three times through the chest. Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find is the story of a familys vacation tragically ended by a murderer and his gang. After a meddlesome Mother/Mother-In-Law/Grandmother tries to insist that the family go to Tennessee instead of Florida, it was in fact through her own insistence that prompted the family stray from the main path in search of some false, lost treasure. This deadly decision caused the family to fall prey to the Misfit. Foreshadowing at the beginning of the story hints to the reader that while on their trip to Florida, this family is destined to cross paths with the Misfit. For example, Here this fellow that calls himself The Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward Florida and you read here what it says he did to these people. Just you read it. Through OConnors use of characterization, symbolism and the theme that A Good Man is Hard to Find, OConnors point that societys morals and faith has crumbled is conveyed. OConnors use of characterization shows the breaking down of respect and discipline in American society. From past generations to present generations, this message can be understood. Grandma represents the past with her strong Southern Hospitality heritage. For instance, The old lady settled herself comfortably, removing her white cotton gloves and putting them up with her purse on the shelf in front of the back window. Her collar and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. In case of an accident, anyone seeing her dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady. Later on she even states, In my timechildren were more respectful of their native states and their parents and everything else. People did right then. The grandchildren, however, are a product of where this gap between social courtesy and lack of discipline apply. In the beginning of the story June Star rudely comments to her grandmother, She wouldnt stay home for a million bucks, afraid shed miss something. She has to go everywhere we go. When John Wesley was asked by the grandmother what he would do if confronted by the Misfit his reply was, Id smack his face. In the end we found this to be very untrue. The Misfits character is again the result of the breakdown in humanity, family values and all of the values that have been lost in todays culture. The Misfit may have some social graces because he says politely, Yes mam, No mam, I pre-chate that lady, and apologizes to the grandmother for Baileys harsh comment, but there is some uneasiness about the morals his own father had as a role model. There is an undertone that the Misfits father had a darker side and had some run-ins with the Authorities. The Misfit explained to the grandmother, Daddy was a card himself. You could never put anything over on him. He never got in trouble with the Authorities though. Just had the knack of handling them. OConnors symbolism throughout the story represents faith (or lack of), and death. The fact that the family had strayed from the main path onto an unimportant side road, where they were killed, symbolizes how people often stray from Jesus and follow the wrong path spiritually. Even the towns name Toombsboro is a symbol of death. It was in this town that the grandmother thought the old plantation was. This was where she became sidetracked, again like her faith in Jesus. In the car, John Wesley and June Star were playing a game by guessing the shape of the clouds in the sky. READ: The New Age After the 1500s Essay The clouds represent the grandmothers superficial faith. She dressed herself with the purple spray of flowers just in case she died. It was as if she were taking death lightly. It was when .

Importance of Monitoring and Evaluation in Complex Projects Essay

Importance of Monitoring and Evaluation in Complex Projects - Essay Example Evaluation is there to bring these into light. As bared by Bako (n.d.) however, evaluation and evaluators are still seen as elements of managerial work that inflame one's nerves rather than challenge one for change. Managers are often confronted with questions and challenges both from inside and outside the organization about projects. Questions asked include proper use of resources, results in line with efforts, services meeting beneficiaries' expectations or not, and proper spending of money. To answer these questions, evaluations are undertaken by organizations but relevant information must be gathered systematically first, which is the process of monitoring. Large-scale infrastructure projects would even more need monitoring and evaluation efforts. Examples of complex projects involve the development of power plants, telecommunications systems, water treatment facilities, ports, urban transportation systems and toll ways. Most of these are owned by private sector developers or are partnerships with public sector institutions. They are typically capital intensive, involving tens if not hundreds of millions of dollars of investment (CRGP, n.d.). Complex projects, according Coffman (n.d.) compose of a subset of projects large enough financially to pose a significant risk to the organization if they are not conceived of and executed well. There is multiplicity of the parties involved in the planning, financing and execution of the projects. There is also at times complexity in the multiple nationalities of the parties(CRGP, n.d.). According to the World Bank, a separate administrative unit for monitoring is expedient where project objectives are complex, or with projects with multiple components. (WB 1989). The purpose is to serve the information needs of the implementing agency and so accordingly such unit should be integrated into the management structure (Ibid.). Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems should be of quality. At the outset, projects are required to design and implement plans for M&E as far as the Global Environment Facility (GEF, 2004) Council is concerned. To them, an issue with complex projects is their over-ambitious objectives in relation to available resources and the periods for implementation. Another is the unrealistic assumptions about either project problems or solutions (Ibid.). Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Monitoring is mainly an internal process carried out by those implementing the project. Preferably, monitoring should involve all stakeholders as the results need to be shared with them and fed back into implementation (www.bond.org, n.d.). Monitoring is the continuous assessment of project implementation with the main objective of providing continuous feedback (WB 1989). On the other hand, evaluation is the periodic assessment of the relevance, performance, efficiency, and impact of the project, both expected ad unexpected, in relation to stated objectives. It is intended to identify project design problems, and is essentially an internal activity undertaken for project management. (Ibidl). An evaluation is an assessment of an ongoing or completed project rendered as objective as possible. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfilment of objectives, development, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. Information in an evaluation should be credible and useful to enable learning from the lessons incorporated for the

The age of the crusades Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The age of the crusades - Essay Example They wore cloth cross (crux) sewn into their clothes - this is he most obvious background of the word "crusader" . The background of the crusades lie in Western developments earlier in the Middle Ages, as well as the deteriorating situation of the Byzantine Empire. The collapse of the Carolingian Empire in the later 9th century, combined with the relative stabilization of local European borders after the spread of Christianity among Vikings, Slavs and Magyars, meant that there was an large class of warriors who by that time had very little to do but fight among themselves and plunder the peasant population. The Church tried to interfere into this violence with the Peace and Truce of God movements, forbidding violence against certain people during certain seasons or times of year. This was somewhat successful, but trained warriors always sought an outlet for their violence. Thus, plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks fell on ready ears. After the numerous attacks of Seljuks, the Byzantine emperor Alexius I called for support, in 1095 Pope Urban II called upon all Christians to wage a war against the Turks. Crusader armies moved to Jerusalem and destroyed several cities on their way. In 1099, they took Jerusalem and massacred the local population. Eventually, several small Crusader states were created, for instance, the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Also there was another wave of crusaders, which was less successful. 2) Second Crusade (1147-1149) Christians and Muslims co-existed in the Holy Land in peace for a long time, but in 1147 Bernard of Clairvaux called for a new crusade when the town of Edessa was captured and occupied by the Turks. French and German forces made a foolish attack on Damascus, creating the dangerous situation over the whole crusader state. Invasion was failed, so army of loosers had to come back to their countries. 3) Third Crusade (1189-1192) In 1187, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem. Pope Gregory VIII ordered a new crusade, which was led by several of Europe's most important leaders: Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. This crusade will be examined in detail in the next chapters of this work. 4)Fourth Crusade (1202 -1204)The Fourth Crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III in 1202, when Muslims intended to capture the Holy Lands through Egypt. The Venetians gained control of this crusade and moved to Constantinople, where they attempted to place their protg on the throne. As a result, the city was sacked in 1204. The high spirit of the crusade was now dead, and this crusade can be explained as the kind of Papacy's struggle.

Vincent Van Gogh the Sower Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vincent Van Gogh the Sower - Essay Example The essay "Vincent Van Gogh the Sower" analyzes the painting by Vincent Van Gogh. Being a marvelous demonstration of van Gogh's signature style The Sower illustrates wise biblical statements, which play a huge role in the life of the painter, and has a clear metaphorical meaning. The painting combines straight and wavy brushstrokes. Thus, the lines used by van Gogh to create a field, which the sower is walking through, are quite abrupt but intertwined. As van Gogh was a religious man the image of a solitary working man, who starts his day with the dawn, communicates symbolic meaning influenced by biblical themes, according to which everyone reaps what he or she sows. A huge circular blinding shape of the rising sun makes the figure of the sower look small as if stressing on frailty of human life, which is brief and may end before the day is done. Such deliberate variety of shapes used by van Gogh (including straight geometrical shapes of the sun rays) within one piece serves philosop hical purposes and emphasizes the keynote of The Sower, in which a bright sun painted in a vivid color might be a symbol of God. Although the painting has lots of implied lines it does not seem to have a clear implied mass. Both the sun behind the sower's back and the sower himself have actual mass. However, although the space of the painting is flat and two-dimensional, the field that the sawer walks through seems to have an implied depth partially due to its vertical placement, which creates an illusion of depth.

Future geopolitical obstacles and economic development opportunities Research Paper

Future geopolitical obstacles and economic development opportunities In Central Asia - Research Paper Example Subsequent to the breakup of the distinct economic gape of the Soviet Union, the non competitiveness of the Russian and Central economies was spartanly unveiled. This was in particular clear in the state of their trading connections. Economic collaboration flanked by Russia and the states of Central Asia is tampered with in the present day by the nonexistence of significant, harmonized events in the area of industrial assembly and transport communication2. To attain competitiveness on the international market, Russia and the nations of Central Asia require to convey the idea of distinct economic gap to success not only political assertions but by existent actions on the subject of support in a number of areas of the economy. There are additionally a number of hindrances to advance in this industry. One of the major hindrances in the acceleration with Russia and a number of Central Asian nations are attempting to become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)3. This is a move t hat would destroy the industrial cooperation flanked by Russia and Central Asia similarly previous to its conception. An additional hindrance is the intricate geopolitical state of affairs that surround Central Asia, threatened as it is majorly by the inconsistency of Afghanistan. These factors make it complicated to draw the potential of cooperation in transport and communication in Central Eurasia which is flanked by Russia, the Central Asian Republic and additional nations. Politics and economy has been directly intertwined in the affluent history of association flanked by Russia and Central Asia which includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)4. Trade between Russia and Central has its beginning in the Great Silk Road. Economic association flanked by Russia and Central Asia had had distinctive importance from the time of the second half of the 19th Century. These centuries have been incorporated two times in distinctive spheres: initially that of t he Russian Territory the secondly that of the Soviet Union. When the Central Asian region was under the economic control of the Russian Territory, starting 1860s to 1917, the nations of Central Asia had great right of entry to Russian markets, and Russian investment swamped into the region5. Central Asia started to run away from its economic and geographic seclusion. Powerful trade connections were made-up. States developed on the territory of contemporary Central Asia, on the other hand, lost a lot of their independence, in particular with regard to external economic affairs6. As Central Asia made stronger its economic ties with Russia, so its connections with other nations became weak. Generally, when Central Asia was part of the Russian Territory it stood an underdeveloped and entirely agrarian region, operating largely as a producer of cotton, silk and wool for the Russian textile trade7. The second stage of the Central Asian Union with Russia that went on starting the establish ment of the Soviet Union till the year 1991 as well had equal positive and negative outcomes. On the contrary the Soviet period was a time of unparalleled economic development equally for Russia and Central Asia. Conversely, the nations of Central Asia realized that restrained in the inflexible economic in addition to the political ideological structure of the Soviet System with its centralized structuring and management of allocation of resources. The connections formulated flanked by the Soviet republic in a number of ways contributed to little significance there existed even a formal Soviet terminology which is planned loss making enterprise. This greatly direct union in the Soviet time has led to the economies of Russia and Central Asia and other CIS nations that stand as independent in the present day. The immediate vanishing of the Soviet command structure,

Why education is so important Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why education is so important - Research Paper Example For others, attending a university would entail sacrifices in terms of financial support and overcoming hurdles related to educational advancement. For the individual with a vision to excel in a specific course, a college degree could be the best alternative. The objective of this essay is to proffer the rationale for the importance of education in contemporary times. The discourse seeks to provide appropriate response to the following inquiries: What exactly a good education means? How does the level of education affect the individual’s mindset and personality? Is it a fact that the more education one gets, the better it is for the individual? Is education important for everyone? Is the level of education always proportional to a person’s salary? Which ways of getting the education are the best? And what is a practical value of the education? The history of education has evolved from a curriculum comprising of a simple theoretical framework to the complex structure we have today. The development of technology opened a whole spectrum of information and educational opportunities which enhanced the capabilities of individuals. Murphy, et.al. (2002) averred that â€Å"school leaders, educational administration faculty, and policymakers are endeavoring to redefine the profession in an era of ferment, during which the legitimacy of its knowledge base and the appropriateness of programs for preparing school leaders have been thrown into question†. An education is thereby classified as good depending on an interplay of critical factors, to wit: (1) the personal traits and characteristics of the child; and (2) the educational institution’s plethora of teaching issues (quality of teachers, instructional materials, methodologies, policies and procedures, cost of tuition, location, profile of students, among others). The personality of the child is of utmost importance as it affects his or her academic performance.

Vincent Van Gogh the Sower Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vincent Van Gogh the Sower - Essay Example The essay "Vincent Van Gogh the Sower" analyzes the painting by Vincent Van Gogh. Being a marvelous demonstration of van Gogh's signature style The Sower illustrates wise biblical statements, which play a huge role in the life of the painter, and has a clear metaphorical meaning. The painting combines straight and wavy brushstrokes. Thus, the lines used by van Gogh to create a field, which the sower is walking through, are quite abrupt but intertwined. As van Gogh was a religious man the image of a solitary working man, who starts his day with the dawn, communicates symbolic meaning influenced by biblical themes, according to which everyone reaps what he or she sows. A huge circular blinding shape of the rising sun makes the figure of the sower look small as if stressing on frailty of human life, which is brief and may end before the day is done. Such deliberate variety of shapes used by van Gogh (including straight geometrical shapes of the sun rays) within one piece serves philosop hical purposes and emphasizes the keynote of The Sower, in which a bright sun painted in a vivid color might be a symbol of God. Although the painting has lots of implied lines it does not seem to have a clear implied mass. Both the sun behind the sower's back and the sower himself have actual mass. However, although the space of the painting is flat and two-dimensional, the field that the sawer walks through seems to have an implied depth partially due to its vertical placement, which creates an illusion of depth.

Why education is so important Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Why education is so important - Research Paper Example For others, attending a university would entail sacrifices in terms of financial support and overcoming hurdles related to educational advancement. For the individual with a vision to excel in a specific course, a college degree could be the best alternative. The objective of this essay is to proffer the rationale for the importance of education in contemporary times. The discourse seeks to provide appropriate response to the following inquiries: What exactly a good education means? How does the level of education affect the individual’s mindset and personality? Is it a fact that the more education one gets, the better it is for the individual? Is education important for everyone? Is the level of education always proportional to a person’s salary? Which ways of getting the education are the best? And what is a practical value of the education? The history of education has evolved from a curriculum comprising of a simple theoretical framework to the complex structure we have today. The development of technology opened a whole spectrum of information and educational opportunities which enhanced the capabilities of individuals. Murphy, et.al. (2002) averred that â€Å"school leaders, educational administration faculty, and policymakers are endeavoring to redefine the profession in an era of ferment, during which the legitimacy of its knowledge base and the appropriateness of programs for preparing school leaders have been thrown into question†. An education is thereby classified as good depending on an interplay of critical factors, to wit: (1) the personal traits and characteristics of the child; and (2) the educational institution’s plethora of teaching issues (quality of teachers, instructional materials, methodologies, policies and procedures, cost of tuition, location, profile of students, among others). The personality of the child is of utmost importance as it affects his or her academic performance.

The Need of Establishing Gambling Statutes Essay Example for Free

The Need of Establishing Gambling Statutes Essay Gambling is considerably one of the most controversial yet most tolerable forms of activities that man has ever get entwined itself onto. In every race and in every culture, there exists these set of laws which are admitted to be the backbone of keeping the general welfare of its inhabitants as well as with keeping its people â€Å"traditional† and able to follow the beliefs and the laws by which their forefathers have established (Peterson). However, in the recent times, the world has become more open and liberated in the strict sense of gambling—although there are still those who are trying to pretend to be the â€Å"good guys† and hunt those who gamble—that in large cities, gambling is perhaps the backbone of the economy, that without it, the society would drool over getting crippled in the financial basis (Goss and Morse). In the light, the irony of the statutes’ presence in the laws of certain governments is as good as getting swallowed whole by those who benefit over it (Goss and Morse). To be able to thoroughly understand the definite meaning of gambling and the efficiency of the â€Å"statute† that inhibits the said form of activity, one must be able to know how it is taken and accepted in different areas. Consequently, through analyzing the effects of gambling to the society, one shall be able to assess and evaluate the pious importance that its laws bring. The Beneficence of Gambling on American Indians Due to the diverse views of human beings in the streamline of gambling, it would rather be better to focus on a certain race alone, perceivably one of the pioneers in crafting gambling statutes so as to thoroughly focus the analysis and assessment on the chosen culture. The American Indians have been known for its enthusiasm in gambling and the grasp that it holds when it comes to deliberative discussions on the effect of gambling in the society. In the context of literature and of historical schema, Americans are naturally fond of gambling (Nichols). In fact, there were about 100 million Americans who legally gambled $400 billion but lost with $39 billion to the house in 1995. According to reports and studies, Americans consumed more money on lawful amusement games than on movies, books, and recorded music combined (Johansen). The most celebrated places where well known casinos are in include New Jersey and Nevada. However, Native Americans or the American Indians are group of people in America that are so in tune with casinos and other gambling activities. In effect, the acclaimed most commercial casino in the Western Region is said to be Foxwoods High Stakes Bingo Casino in Ledyard, Connecticut is run by Pequot tribe, a group of American Indians (Nichols). Throughout the history, especially in politics and governance, the American government has consistently attempted to reform the status of gambling on American Indians (Nichols). This is for the reason that growing numbers of specified accounts involving poverty, juvenile delinquency, alcohol and drug abuse, poor educational facilities, high crime rates, and other social problems that intricate American Indians are due to the fact that they are so inclined with gambling activities. Though some tribal groups have asked the American government to alleviate those incidents, the debate is raised whether the American government has the authority to intervene with tribal affairs since tribes are long considered to have their own set of rules thus making them sovereign (Deland). Further, the American Congress had passed in 1988, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act which admitted the rights of American Indian tribes across the United States to set up gambling and gaming amenities and services on their own management provided that such facilities would be instituted in states that have some type of legal gambling (Eadington). Two of the most notable cases which appeal to this act are the Seminole Tribe of Florida vs. Butterworth and California vs. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, both happened in 1980’s. Gambling Statutes among American Indians The economic advantages that are drawn from gambling activities economic can best be appreciated by analyzing its impact on the labor market. Gambling establishments by American Indian have given hundreds and thousand of Indians and non-Indians work. Due to this fact, the unemployment rates in American Indian tribes have largely dropped. Further, according to a study conducted by the â€Å"Midwest Hospitality Advisors report on Indian gaming† in Minnesota, most of the Indian gaming establishments in Minnesota presently make use of more or less 5,700 laborers (Davis). Four among these gaming establishments have been named as the major employer for their bordering city. Another four casinos are hailed along with the top five employers within their districts while the other one is included in the top ten. The study also describes that during the years 1990 up to 1992, there was a decrease of 3. 2 percent on Indian recipients living in nations with Indian gambling establishments. Furthermore, such gambling establishments even benefited other non-casino recipients by 14. 6 percent (Davis). From the time when the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was implemented, gain of profits from Indian gambling establishments has developed exponentially. At the same time, the unemployment rate which was reported before to mark at 30 percent was dropped to almost zero with the establishment of Indian gambling houses (Davis). All over the United States, the total gain of profits from the Indian gambling establishments are estimated to reach $6 billion U. S. dollars. Finally, profits gained from these gambling establishments and operations are used by the tribes for the advancement of the reservation as well as the American Indians themselves. They use their earnings on setting up schools and colleges as well as community centers. As of now, there are over 26 tribal colleges across the entire United States (Davis). Furthermore, the profits are also used to set up education trust funds, to support alcohol and drug rehabilitation programs, establishing water and drain systems on their area, and investing in new industries and ventures—a firm and sturdy argument for this topic. Discussion The idea of gambling may be unacceptable to some tribes and culture. Hence in the larger perspective of the issue, it is evident that the legalization of gambling and the reputation that it has gained worldwide is surprisingly overwhelming that the long regarded poverty and unemployment problem of the society has been cured and been given an echelon of remedy which many consider as both a form of hobby and a profession as well. Perhaps gambling does not need laws or statutes to be enjoyed by the general public. However, if this form of perception shall be intolerable by the government, then the humanistic nature of human beings would float up in the scenario—everyone would want to be the head of the casino, or the leader of all the â€Å"expert gamblers†Ã¢â‚¬â€the noted crime rate would only double. Moreover, if gambling is not legalized, then there would be a battalion of offenders each day, given the fact that the society is already aware of the fortune that they may or might achieve in the schema of gambling, a pinch of hole blurted on the series of gambling—as introduced—shall be hailed by those who were not able to get a profession due to lack of education or inherited poverty line. They would then be coerced to steal, or kidnap the president’s daughter in exchange for money to buy his kids some food—again, crime rate is most likely to shower. The good thing cited on the issue of having gambling statutes are ought to be seen with the contribution that it brings the economy. Tackling about the increase of crime rate, it would lead to a realization that casinos and â€Å"gambling spots† are housed with physically and mentally trained men, harnessed to keep safety, peace and order in the place. Which is rather safer now? To play poker on rural suburbs hence not being coined with gambling, or having statutes where the government gets a fair share for the pursuance of established goals and objectives in developing the vicinity through the aide of gambling statutes? Conclusions and further remarks There is also the contention for the prospect of establishing a regulated gambling market which can be a profitable source of government tax. This idea illustrates the observation that the widespread activities which are in one way or another a form of gambling and its potential to be a market commodity can overcome the legal restrictions ascribed unto it (Goss and Morse). A controlled degree of the regulation of â€Å"underground gambling†Ã¢â‚¬â€if the government is able to hunt them down and impose taxes on them—for example, creates, instead, an increase in government revenues that may outweigh or, at least, come close to the actual government payments on law enforcement against the production, distribution and consumption of illegal drugs or better, to help countries who are in grave need of help. Gambling activities and establishments for some parts of the planet are part of their traditions and cultural heritage thus there should be no way that would hinder them in preserving such tribal practices. Though there are negative effects and repercussions that are drawn from the legalization of gambling which acknowledges the rights of the selected tribes to set up and employ gambling operations, the positive aspects overrides the latter in such a way that gambling activities are directed towards their personal, cultural, political, and economic development (Deland). Thus, gambling operations and establishments like casino should be remained legal and accessible to highly urbanized places hitherto making them economically stable which then raises the question why other countries choose to drive away from the idea of legalizing gambling and help their country gain much while having fun. Works Cited Davis, Sia. Indian Gaming in the United States: Dispelling And Highlighting Advantages. National Conference of State, 2005. Deland, Paul S. The Facilitation of Gambling. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 269 (1950): 21-29. Eadington, William R. Indian Gaming and the Law. University of Nevada, Reno Bureau of Business, 1998. Goss, Ernest P. , and Edward A. Morse. Governing Fortune: Casino Gambling in America. Michigan: University of Michigan Press 2007. Johansen, Bruce Elliott. The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition. Greenwood Press, 1998. Nichols, Roger L. American Indians in U. S. History. University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. Peterson, Virgil W. Gambling: Should It Be Legalized? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1931-1951) 40. 3 (1949): 259-329.

The Tourism In Nepal Tourism Essay

The Tourism In Nepal Tourism Essay Situated between China and India lies the small land-locked country of Nepal. Slightly larger than the state of Arkansas, Nepal contains eight of the worlds ten highest mountain peaks making it a popular destination for adventurous tourists. Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. The countrys population reached more than 21 million in 1994 yet the per capita income is one of the worlds lowest at $160 a year. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for over ninety percent of the population. Nepal is also a producer of cannabis for both the domestic and international markets as well as the transit point for heroin into the West. With the growing number of tourists, however, the Nepalese Government is trying to exploit this resource as well. One Nepalese ecologist says There are now three religions in Nepal Hinduism, Buddhism, and tourism. The influx of tourists has had dramatic effects on the environment and on the local commu nities who come into contact with the tourists. It is no longer uncommon to find discarded rubbish along the trekking trails. Just as common is the soil erosion during the monsoons as a result of severe deforestation, also caused by tourism. Tourism is not only the goose that lays golden eggsit also fouls its own nest, says a Nepalese scientist. The Nepalese portion of the Himalayas was long remote from the main pathways of international tourism. The first Americans and Europeans did not enter the region until 1950. Up until 1964 only mountaineering expeditions were permitted to visit the area. In 1971, scarcely one thousand visitors came to visit. A decade later five times that number visited, and by the end of the 1980s tourists numbered more than 8,000 annually. In 1993, the figure was closer to 300,000. The Nepalese Government hopes to attract a million people within the next ten years. More than ninety percent of these tourists are trekkers, coming mostly from the United States and Western Europe, but also from Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. With the steady stream of visitors, at least $60 million in foreign currency has been generated each year. One person who is fearful of what this may do to the local cultures and to the environment is Sir Edmund Hillary, now 75. Hillary believes that explorers have an obligation to protect the very things which they come to marvel. He was a driving force behind the creation of the Sagarmatha National Park and has established a trust which builds schools, hospitals, clinics, bridges and water systems for the Sherpas, whose culture is threatened the most. Most tourists come to Nepal to trek through the mountains. Trekking may be arranged by a service and done in a group or on ones own. Group treks are typically prearranged and paid for abroad or in the capital city of Kathmandu. The other alternative is to trek individually without the services of a trekking company. Individuals instead rely on the villages along the way for food and lodging. About one-half of the trekkers who come to Nepal, come with commercial groups. These treks generally last between twenty-two and twenty-five days. A trek for twelve clients will contain a support staff of approximately fifty members. Because these groups pay to make arrangements, little money goes to the local communities. The World Wildlife Fund estimates that only 20 cents of every $3 spent by an average trekker each day reaches village economies. The rest goes for goods imported from outside, notably the West. Individual trekkers, however, rely upon local guides and families. This means that more money is dispersed to the local communities. Regardless of how one travels, the environment and local communities are affected. Mountain trekking is part of a new type of tourism called adventure tourism. Adventure tourism attracts people who desire to see exotic and unknown places, primarily in the developing world. Adventure tourists, the name given to tourists who seek this type of tourism, are searching for authenticity. This means that the mountain treks are slow journeys which pass through the landscape, allowing time to explore both nature and village life. The core problem is that the environment and communities begin to change as a result of their newfound popularity. The local cultures become influenced by the presence of the trekkers and become modernized in their own way. Hence, they are no longer considered authentic and new ever more remote locations must be found. The idea behind adventure tourism is that the more remote a location is, the more it is desirable. This means that unless precautions are taken, degradation will inevitably occur. Perhaps the most visible impact of trekkers on the Himalaya is the growing amount of rubbish left behind. Galen Rowell wrote of the Himalayas, The solitary splendor is dazzling until I glance down at my feet. There, frozen into the ice cap of Tharpu Chuli, lies a miniature garbage dump; discarded candy wrappers, film cartons, plastic bags, wads of tissue, and half-empty food cans, all of it left by foreign climbing groups. It is a familiar and sickening sight to old Himalaya hands the growing pollution of a priceless heritage. It is estimated that over the past forty years, eighteen tons of garbage, from tin cans and beer bottles to oxygen tanks(this does not include such items as abandoned helicopters) have been dumped on Mount Everest alone. (The helicopters are a new form of tourism, called Sky Treks, for those who do not desire to hike up the mountains. Tourists instead ride helicopters to the top of the mountains, take their pictures, and then return to the bottom again.) Other estimates place the accumulated rubbish at fifty tones which will cost approximately $500,000 to clean up. A second, and perhaps greater problem than all of the rubbish, is deforestation. Many visitors come to Nepal expecting to see massive forests along the slopes of the Khumba. They do not come expecting to find Western amenities. Often the reverse is true. Western amenities assault the visitors in the teahouses and guest lodges they find along the trails while the forests are all but gone. Over the years, the influx of tourists has encouraged changes in the use of forests for fuel wood and construction materials. The forests have typically been used by the Nepali for fuel wood. However, the consumption rates between Nepalis and tourists greatly differs and this is where the problem lies. The demand for fuelwood from tourists has always been a concern for the park planners, administrators, and managers. They consider fuel-wood use by mountaineering and trekking groups to be one of the main environmental threats to the parks. It has been estimated that four times as much fuel wood is needed to cook a meal for a Western tourist than for a Nepali due largely to differences in diet. Add to that the fuel wood needed for the daily hot showers and for the bonfires to keep them warm and the impact on the forests is devastating. One trekker alone consumes five to ten times more fuel-wood than one Nepali. In addition to the trekkers who are consuming gross amounts of fuel wood, there are also the estimated 150,000 guides, porters, cooks, and other support staff who are traveling with the trekkers and who need fuel wood as well. Massive amounts of fuel wood are needed by the teahouses and guest lodges as well. More and more people are staying in the lodges and the number of lodges has quadrupled since 1976. The lodges and teahouses may use up to four times as much fuel wood a day as does a locals household. Others have estimated the amount of fuel wood used by one trekker per day to be more firewood than the average Nepali uses in an entire week. By 1979, the park authorities of Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park were beginning to see how extensive the deforestation, as a result of tourism, was becoming. As a result, they banned the use of wood for cooking and bonfires. All expedition and trekking groups now must use kerosene stoves to cook. However, there have been no restrictions on the fuel-wood used by loges and teahouses. This must surely change if the country wants to preserve the forests it still has remaining. In the Annapurna Conservation Area, a program was created to link conservation and development benefits, through tourism and involving the local people. The program helped the local lodge owners see the benefits of halting deforestation. While the trees did provided needed fuel wood, their elimination would destroy the beauty that many of the visitors came to see. The program organized lodge owners and all agreed to honor a requirement that trekking expeditions had to bring in their own kerosene. As a result of the burgeoning influx of tourists, the Nepalese Government began to establish wildlife reserves, national parks, conservation areas, and hunting reserves in 1976. The first three of these protected areas are recognized by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) now the World Conservation Union. One of the most famous conservation areas is the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) created in 1986. ACAP was designed to minimize the negative impact from tourism and promote conservation and the socioeconomic development of the region. ACAP is unique in that it calls for the participation and management by the local people. The project is based on the belief that properly managed tourism can bring benefits both to the land and to the people. Tourists are regarded as partners in fulfilling the goals of biodiversity conservation, cultural revitalisation and sustainable economic development. ACAP managers and developers believe that mountain trekking is a form of education which can be used to benefit the Annapurna region. In addition, the trekkers provide much needed revenue that can be used for further conservation and development programs. Most tourists come to Nepal either during the cool, clear days of October and November or during the secondary peak season that extends from March through early May. Tourism has contributed in depletion of forest resources in Nepal. It was estimated in one report that per capita fuel wood consumption per individual tourist and group tourist was 5.5 kg and 18.5 kg respectively. Economic Data Industry output was $60 million may be as high as 75% concentration in some areas. Tourism provides the single largest source of foreign exchange for the countrys development plans and the largest source of employment besides agriculture for Nepali nationals. Tourism is also the major source of employment for many residents. Employment from tourism is seasonal as a result of the weather. Most people employed by the tourism industry work only four or five months a year. It also varies from community to community depending on the popularity and location of the village. For most family members, the income is earned through trekking as guides, leaders, cooks, porters, and kitchen crews. During the expeditions the Nepalis hired to assist trekkers are fed, lodged, and provided with equipment so they return home with all of their earnings. Employment in trekking has been predominate for men but the number of women earning income from trekking is on the rise. There has also been an increase in the employment and income generated from the establishment of tea houses along the trekking route. An increasing number of tourists carry light day packs and eat and sleep in the lodges for just a few dollars a day. A frequent complaint among the tourists is the lack of sanitary facilities. Sagarmatha National Park, the park which encompasses Mt. Everest, is getting a bad reputation as a result of all the trash. It is ironic that it is the tourists who are causing these problems, yet they believe that it is up to the park authorities to alleviate them. The World Wildlife Fund estimates that if present rates of deforestation continue, Nepals forests will be gone by the year 2000. This is troublesome not only because of the soil erosion and habitat loss which result, but also because 86 percent of Nepals energy comes from its forests. CULTURAL IMPACTS The influx of tourists have had a significant effect on the local communities, especially the Sherpas (a Nepali ethnic group) who live around the trekking routes. The culture of the Sherpas has been changed as well as the structure of the local economies. When the first trekkers came to Nepal, the Sherpa paid little attention to them. Now that the numbers have increased and the Sherpas services are in demand (Sherpas have historically acted as guides, leaders, cooks, porters, etc.), trekking has encouraged a get-rich-quick mentality. The result has been a decrease in agricultural production, since it generates less income, and a decrease in school attendance, children dream of becoming guides and drop out of school the moment they get the chance to join an expedition. The Sherpa see money now when they see a white face. Villages are also becoming more dependent on cash rather than the traditional means of barter and reciprocal labor. This has meant that villages are changing from being self-reliant into beingdependent on tourist dollars and outside resources to meet their daily needs. More and more agricultural fields are left fallow as more men are leaving to seek wealth from tourism. This means that more food must come from outside and that there is less of it, causing higher prices. The higher prices are a hardship on those families who do not have income from tourism. Other traditions are disappearing such as the custom of drinking Tibetan salt-and butter tea. The price of butter makes this drink nearly unaffordable and the supply of tea is uncertain since trade has also been disrupted by the beckoning wealth of tourism employment. The Sherpas have not saved or invested any of their income generated from tourism. Rather, they have spent it on Western items, further degrading their traditional culture. Trekking Sherpas, as they have come to be known as, have discarded their traditional dress for imported hiking boots, colorful wool sweaters, and down parkas. The division of the village into trekking Sherpa and non-trekking Sherpa has resulted in the creation of a new type of class. Whereas there were always class divisions in the past, all of the people dressed and lived in a relatively similar manner. Today donning the Western wear, the trekking Sherpa and his wealth is easy to distinguish from a farmer. Another affect of tourism is that local crafts are dying out. These crafts can not generated the same amount of income as tourism and the supplies needed are harder to obtain. The Sherpa now have access to cash, hence they are now able to purchase manufactured items rather than make their own. Wool is one item which has become scarce, hence layers of cotton must be bought and worn to keep warm. Trekking is one of the highest paying employments in Nepal today. The wealth available from this job draws many youngsters out of school and into tourism. Teaching and government jobs, once considered very prestigious, are no longer desirable since they do not provide the same income as trekking. It is ironic that many youngsters are leaving school since one of the qualifications needed today in trekking is knowledge of spoken and written Nepali and English. The youngsters may be even more valuable if they would continue their education rather than leave after a few years. It is also ironic that the Sherpa do not enjoy the trekking. To them, climbing is simply a high-paying job. The trekking Sherpa are also forced to reflect the image projected upon them by the Western visitors. The Sherpa wear masks, having a public side for the world to see and a private side which is true to themselves. It is hard for the Sherpa, who work twenty-four hours a day, to maintain the public mask. Some Sherpa see themselves partly as actors and entertainers. It is only when the trek has ended that they may unveil themselves and engage in drinking binges and general hell-raising that may go on for days. Finally, there is the disruption to the family life. The men are often away from the home ten months of the year. Many of the trekking Sherpa who are married, keep another woman in the cities where they stay in-between treks. Other Sherpa are enticed by the forward gestures of Western women, who often initiate the affair. A number of Sherpa women have lost their husbands or fiancà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡s to foreign women. Perhaps a far greater concern is the loss of life. The decreasing number of young men has meant that many women are burdened with raising the children and with the responsibility of the farm-work. The young unmarried women are also disadvantaged since there are fewer young men. One must begin to wonder if it is justifiable to endanger the lives of the Sherpas so that others may enjoy themselves.

OConnors Everything That Rises Must Converge :: Everything That Rises Must Converge

O'Connor's Everything That Rises Must Converge "Everything That Rises Must Converge," in a sense sums up O'Connor's overall philosophy or theology: that is, that everything which rises above the petty concerns of earth, above materialism, must converge somewhere in an ideal realm, that is, Heaven. The story concerns Julian and his mother and a series of misunderstandings between them. We find that Julian's mother is overweight, rude to other people, particularly to Black people, and very judgmental. Julian in turn spends a lot of his time judging his mother. The story focuses on a bus trip that Julian and his mother are taking to the Y's reducing class, and what happens in the course of that trip. During the bus trip, Julian's mother openly sympathises with some other white women who don't like "Negroes" on the bus. When a Black man gets on the bus, Julian attempts to be friendly with him and in so doing sees himself as morally superior to his mother. We see here that Julian is being very judgmental. For instance, we find Julian entertaining these thoughts after the man has got off the bus: He imagined his mother lying desperately ill and his being able to secure only a Negro doctor for her. He toyed with that idea for a few minutes and then dropped it for a momentary vision of himself participating as a sympathiser in a sit-in demonstration. This was possible but he did not linger with it. Instead, he approached the ultimate horror. He brought home a beautiful suspiciously Negroid woman. Prepare yourself, he said. There is nothing you can do about it. This is the woman I have chosen. (15) It is just shortly after this fantasy that a very large Black woman and her little boy get on and Julian is somewhat delighted because the Negro woman is actually wearing the same hat as his mother, a hat that he has made fun of earlier in the story. Julian reacts as follows: His eyes widened. The vision of the two hats, identical, broke upon him with the radiance of a brilliant sunrise. His face was suddenly lit with joy. He could not believe that Fate had thrust upon his mother such a lesson. He gave a loud chuckle so she would look at him and see that he saw. She turned her eyes on him slowly. The blue in them seemed to have turned a bruised purple.

Essay --

Gender affects every aspect of our life, from how we feel about ourselves to setting goals in our lives as well as the nature of our participation in social and civic life. It has a strong influence on the way we dress to how we practice our beliefs, the way we express our feelings and the essence of all of our relationships with other people. The film First Position displays the different gender roles taken on by different children who are competing in competitive Ballet. Growing up, children are socialized into â€Å"doing their gender†, which basically means doing something that asserts your gender (Discover 215). There are many factors that come into play when children are exposed to their gender. Gender roles are learned in society through personal experience, through interaction with other people and through what children are exposed to. Children are socialized through family, friends, school, media, etc. At a young age, parents have a huge role in teaching gender to their kids and usually give their children certain clothes, toys, books, etc. based on their sex. The parents are do...

Arvo Part “Spiegel Im Spiegel”

Addam Farmer Materials of Modern Music 12/7/2011 Research Paper Final Arvo Part Spiegel im Spiegel Spiegel im Spiegel, originally written for violin and piano, is one of Arvo Part’s most influential compositions. At first listen, the composition sounds like a standard minimalist piece: it is in F Major, written in 6/4 time, and over 8 minutes long. The most important aspect of the piece lies not in the musical content itself, but in the way that Part uses that content. Arvo Part was an extremely spiritual human being, devoting even his music-making to his spirituality.His â€Å"tintinnabuli† style was created with the intent to mirror the Biblical portrayal of Jesus Christ. â€Å"On the surface it is calm, as was Christ’s external acceptance of his inevitable role in the salvation of all humanity. Yet it bears an undercurrent of turmoil and desperation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Langager, pg. 61) Described in a practical manner, Part’s method of composing in the tint innabuli style involves hovering around the tonic triad in order to create a â€Å"bell-like† quality. In fact, the term tintinnabuli is the literal reference to the ringing of bells in Latin.Futhermore, the tintinnabular style of Part creates an effect â€Å"in which a chord lingers in time until all of the elements of the triad have sounded. † (Langager, pg. 29) Part goes on to explain another important aspect of his tintinnabuli style in an interview with the BBC: Tintinnabuli is the mathematically exact connection from one line to another†¦tintinnabuli is the rule where the melody and the accompaniment [or accompanying voice]†¦is one. One plus one, it is one – it is not two. This is the secret of this technique. It is clear that Part’s ultimate goal was to do as much as he can with as little as he had. His â€Å"one plus one† equals one philosophy can be blatantly heard in Spiegel im Spiegel. The literal German translation for Spiegel im Spiegel is â€Å"mirror in the mirror. † When listening to the piece with this knowledge, we can hear why Part gave the composition its title. The piece feels like an infinite amount of reflections like that created by a mirror in a mirror: the seemingly endless repetition of the tonic triad in the piano is responsible for this aural illusion.This falls exactly in line with Part’s description of tintinnabuli: that is, the emphasis of the triad over an extended period of time. The piano arpeggiates around this tonic triad for what seems like forever, which puts the listener into what Part would describe as a â€Å"spiritual† trance. At about 15 seconds into the piece, a violin carefully makes its entrance. The violin’s simple part helps it to merge with the piano sequence, making true Part’s equation of â€Å"one plus one equals one. † The violin line consists of nothing but whole notes, and is completely devoid of syncopation.It is true that one can examine the piano and violin as being two mirrors: they are two different instruments, but when faced towards each other, they reflect the other and it becomes difficult to tell one from the other. Throughout Spiegel im Spiegel, the two different mirrors (the violin and the piano) reflect each other, portraying a sense of unity. While the violin line is extremely simple in its melodic content, the way Part expands upon the melody is unique and somewhat sneaky. The violin line begins by ascending from G to middle A. Then, it descends from B flat to middle A.Following that, it ascends from F to G to middle A. Basically, each time it ascends, at the last part of the sequence, the note ascends one step higher than it had the previous ascension. The same goes for the descending lines. Once the violin reaches the outermost note, it returns right back to A (the third of the key signature), without even touching another note before it. Part very obviously planned for this to ha ppen as it is pitch relationship in the violin is extremely ordered and mathematical. This trait can evade the listener easily – I didn’t even notice it was happening until I took the violin line apart.Upon further analysis we hear that the piano begins by playing a second inversion F Major chord arpeggiation, repeated in an endless manner. This arpeggiation is modified throughout the piece, switching between root position and the inherent second inversion that happens when the left hand note fades out. Simply by inverting the chord, Part changes the feel of the key. Had he written the extended arpeggiation of the F major in root position the entire time, the composition would feel much more â€Å"campy† – it could have felt like a children’s song.Instead, inverting the arpeggiated chord in second inversion gives the music a deeper, more passionate quality. In addition, the chords in the piano necessarily mirror what the violin does in terms of its mathematical pitch sequences. The musical content and context of Spiegel im Spiegel is true to its title. The violin line gives off the illusory effect that it is static when it is actually extending its range, while the piano’s endlessly-repeated second inversion F Major chord creates a wave of emotion.The violin and piano’s juxtaposing-yet-unifying musical content give it the sense that we are hearing what a mirror’s reflection of another mirror would sound like. Spiegel im Spiegel encompasses all things tintinnabular; that is, all things Arvo. Bibliography: Langager, Graeme. â€Å"The Tintinnabuli Compositional Style of Arvo Part. † British Colombia, Canada; Long Beach, California. 1997. Arvo Part & Anthony Pitt. BBC 3 Radio Interview. Royal Academy of Music, London. 2000.